

It used scrypt as its hash function instead of SHA-256. Soon after, in October 2011, Litecoin was released. In April 2011, Namecoin was created as an attempt at forming a decentralized DNS, which would make internet censorship very difficult. It used SHA-256, a cryptographic hash function, in its proof-of-work scheme. In 2009, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, bitcoin, was created by presumably pseudonymous developer Satoshi Nakamoto. Like bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies that would follow it, bit gold (not to be confused with the later gold-based exchange, BitGold) was described as an electronic currency system which required users to complete a proof of work function with solutions being cryptographically put together and published. Shortly thereafter, Nick Szabo described bit gold. In 1998, Wei Dai published a description of "b-money", characterized as an anonymous, distributed electronic cash system.
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In 1996, the National Security Agency published a paper entitled How to Make a Mint: the Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash, describing a Cryptocurrency system, first publishing it in an MIT mailing list and later in 1997, in The American Law Review (Vol. This allowed the digital currency to be untraceable by the issuing bank, the government, or any third party.
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Later, in 1995, he implemented it through Digicash, an early form of cryptographic electronic payments which required user software in order to withdraw notes from a bank and designate specific encrypted keys before it can be sent to a recipient.

In 1983, the American cryptographer David Chaum conceived an anonymous cryptographic electronic money called ecash.

Generally, these token stakers get additional ownership in the token over time via network fees, newly minted tokens or other such reward mechanisms. In return, they get authority over the token in proportion to the amount they stake. In a proof-of-stake model, owners put up their tokens as collateral. Some crypto schemes use validators to maintain the cryptocurrency. Despite their name, cryptocurrencies are not necessarily considered to be currencies in the traditional sense and while varying categorical treatments have been applied to them, including classification as commodities, securities, as well as currencies, cryptocurrencies are generally viewed as a distinct asset class in practice.

Individual coin ownership records are stored in a digital ledger, which is a computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, to control the creation of additional coins, and to verify the transfer of coin ownership. A logo for Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrencyĪ cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it.
